Vietnam Pagodas

Linh Phong Pagoda (Bình Định)

Gia Lai(formerly Bình Định)(Chùa Linh Phong (Bình Định))

Overview & history

Linh Phong Thiền Tự, also known as Ông Núi Pagoda, is a famous ancient pagoda in Gia Lai, Vietnam.

Location

On the southeastern slope of Bà Mountain, more than 30 miles from Trà Bàn (Đồ Bàn) citadel; now located in Phương Phi hamlet (Cát Tiến commune, Gia Lai province), there once stood an ancient pagoda named Linh Phong Thiền Tự.

This is a scenic site of the province, as recorded in the Đại Nam nhất thống chí:

Linh Phong Pagoda in Phương Phi hamlet, Phù Cát district, backs onto a high mountain (Bà Mountain), faces the Biển cạn lagoon (i.e. Thị Nại lagoon), with streams winding around, creating a truly beautiful landscape.

The Đại Nam dư địa chi ước biên records:

Linh Phong Pagoda in Phương Phi hamlet, Phù Cát district, backs onto a high mountain, looks out over Hạc Hải lagoon (i.e. Thị Nại lagoon), with lush and beautiful flowers and grass. Hence the saying: "Auspicious clouds everywhere, Linh Phong Pagoda enveloped in fresh flowers," and a couplet (in Chinese characters) translated as follows:

The seashore brings forth good karma, gentle rain moistens the land and beautifies the earth;

Linh Phong gathers auspicious energy, auspicious clouds everywhere cover humankind.

History

According to legend, in the year Nhâm Ngọ (1702) during the reign of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Chu, a Chinese monk, whose secular name was Lê Ban (?), came to a stone cave on the eastern side of Bà Mountain to practise asceticism. Later, the monk moved to the mountainside, "clearing wild brambles, carrying large stones to build here and fill there, tying grass to make thatch, erecting a small hermitage, and naming it Dũng Tuyền Pagoda".

In the year Quý Sửu (1733), Lord Nguyễn Phúc Chú, admiring the monk's virtue, conferred upon him the title Tịnh Giác Thiện Trì Đại Lão Thiền Sư, and ordered Dũng Tuyền Pagoda to be rebuilt into a large tiled pagoda, naming it Linh Phong Thiền Tự.

According to the "Linh Phong tự ký" by the renowned official Đào Tấn, the Zen master passed away "during a time of turmoil" (referring to the Tây Sơn period). Afterwards, his disciples built a stupa to the right of the pagoda in the 8th year of Thái Đức (the reign title of Nguyễn Nhạc) (1785).

In the 7th year of Gia Long (1808), following the advice of the Holy Mother, Empress Hiếu Khương, the king issued a decree forbidding anyone from encroaching upon or taking any items from the pagoda while awaiting restoration.

However, it was not until the Minh Mạng era that Linh Phong Pagoda was extensively renovated. The Nguyễn dynasty records: "One day, the king fell ill, and as he dozed off, he dreamt of an old monk in a bark robe standing by his bed, fanning him; by morning, he had recovered. At court, the king recounted the story to his officials, and someone suggested that the old monk was likely the Zen master of Linh Phong Pagoda in the past." Therefore, in 1826, the king bestowed upon the pagoda a newly made kasaya robe for worship, and allocated 120 taels of silver from the treasury for its restoration.

In 1884-1885, during the reigns of Kiến Phúc and Hàm Nghi, the high official Đào Tấn "resigned and returned south, hiding his traces at Linh Phong Pagoda to escape turmoil".

In 1895, Đào Tấn was appointed Minister of Public Works. "Wishing to renovate the ancient pagoda, he reported the matter to the Western Palace (referring to the mother of Emperor Thành Thái). Following his mother's advice, Emperor Thành Thái instructed the provincial authorities to allocate 70 taels of silver for the restoration of the pagoda, and also ordered the local people to contribute further. By the 8th lunar month of the year Đinh Dậu (1897), the work was completed, and the pagoda's scenery at that time was very beautiful.

Afterwards, through time and war, only the eastern triple-arched gate and a stupa of the ancient pagoda remained. In 2004, a new pagoda was built on the site of the former Linh Phong Pagoda.

Related Information

In the year Quý Sửu (1733), when Linh Phong Pagoda was first solidly constructed, Lord Nguyễn Phúc Chú bestowed upon the pagoda a horizontal board and two parallel couplets. The horizontal board was inscribed with the four characters "Linh Phong Thiền Tự"; on the left was inscribed "Vĩnh Khánh, first month of the year Quý Sửu", and on the right "Inscribed by the Sovereign".

On the two couplets were inscribed the following:

Hải ngạn khởi lương nhân, pháp vũ phổ thiên tư Phật thổ;

Linh Phong ngưng thoại khí, tường vân biến địa ấm nhân gian.

Which means:

The seashore meets good fortune, the Dharma rain moistens the sky and enriches the Buddha's land;

Linh Mountain gathers auspicious energy, auspicious clouds everywhere shelter the people.

Besides the folk songs about Ông Núi Pagoda (i.e. Linh Phong Pagoda) still circulating among the people, there are also several poems about this ancient pagoda, including works by Phan Thanh Giản, Đào Tấn, Võ Kiêm, Quách Tấn... Here are two excerpts of folk songs:

Trees shade piled-up rocks,

The sea stretches below the mountain, the pagoda nestles in the clouds.

Worldly dust does not cling at all,

This body is free, the months and days leisurely pass.

And:

Where has Ông Núi gone?

Leaving behind the landscape of mountains and waters

Full of virtue and wisdom

Even more grand and marvellous...

The old pagoda fades in the twilight,

Stirring the heart with the weight of the land and waters.

References

Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn (Cao Xuân Dục as Chief Compiler), Đại Nam chính biên liệt truyện (translated edition, referred to as "Chính biên" in the article). Văn học Publishing House, 2004.

Quốc sử quán triều Nguyễn (Cao Xuân Dục as Chief Compiler), Đại Nam dư địa chi ước biên. Văn học Publishing House, 2003.

Đào Tấn, "Linh Phong tự ký" (written in 1903) included in The History of Buddhism in Đàng Trong by Nguyễn Hiền Đức. Hồ Chí Minh City Publishing House, 1995, pp. 111-115.

Thích Thanh Từ, Vietnamese Zen Masters. Published by the Buddhist Association of Ho Chi Minh City, 1992.

Quách Tấn, Wandering Steps. Trẻ Publishing House, 1996.

Quách Tấn, The Land and Waters of Bình Định (relevant section [2])

Visiting tips

  • Dress modestly; remove hats and keep quiet inside the main hall.
  • Incense, flowers and offerings are usually sold right outside the gate; light an odd number of sticks (1 or 3).
  • Most pagodas open from early morning to evening and are free to enter (some major sites charge a small scenic fee).
  • Full-moon days, the 1st of the lunar month and Tet are very crowded; visit on weekday mornings for a quiet experience.
  • Ask permission before photographing inside shrines; do not touch statues or altar objects.

Other pagodas in Gia Lai

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Chùa Bồ Đề (Bình Định)
Bồ Đề Pagoda is located in Ngọc Sơn Bắc quarter, Hoài Nhơn ward, Gia Lai province. In the past, the pagoda belonged to Bồ Đề commune, Bồng Sơn district, Hoài Nhơn prefecture, so people named the pagoda after the local area. The pagoda is currently a small house with an area of 4 x 6 square metres. Above the water threshold, there is a signboard in Han script: Bồ Đề Tự. The pagoda is believed to worship Lady Cao Thị Nguyên, the wife of Đào Duy Từ.
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Chùa Hang (Bình Định)
Hang Pagoda is the common name for Thiên Sanh Thạch Tự (also known as Thạch Cốc), located halfway up Chùa Mountain (whose literary name is Lý Thạch, also called La Hơi) in Hội Khánh hamlet, Phù Mỹ Tây commune, Gia Lai province. According to the abbot of Hang Pagoda, the pagoda was founded in 1613 during the reign of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên. Some other sources claim that at the end of the 16th century and the beginning of the 17th century, someone came to the stone cave in Hội Khánh hamlet and established a pagoda there for religious practice, calling it Hang Pagoda. Halfway up Chùa Mountain, within Hội Khánh hamlet (Phù Mỹ Tây commune, Gia Lai province), there is a pagoda formed from a stone cave, hence the name Hang Pagoda. In fact, the name Chùa Mountain also originates from the local people's habit of referring to the mountain where the pagoda is located (since there are many other mountains in the area without pagodas), while this mountain's actual name is La Hơi, and its literary name is Lý Thạch. Mr. Đặng Như Dước, 95 years old, one of the few elders in Hội Khánh with extensive knowledge and stories about Thiên Sanh Pagoda, explained the name La Hơi of the mountain: 'Legend has it that when there is a drought, if one hears a 'ồ ồ' sound on the mountain (towards Thiên Sanh Pagoda), like the sound of people milling rice, then soon after, it will rain. Conversely, if it is raining heavily and one hears the same 'ồ ồ' sound, the rain will immediately stop and the sun will come out.' Mr. Dước added that this phenomenon is the reason the mountain was named La Hơi, and that this phenomenon still occurs today, though not as frequently as before. Two legends about Hang Pagoda As mentioned above, Hang Pagoda is the common name for Thiên Sanh Thạch Tự. Venerable Thích Nhuận Tín, the current abbot, said the pagoda was founded in 1613 during the reign of Lord Nguyễn Phúc Nguyên. However, to this day, there are no historical documents that accurately confirm this. Some other sources claim that after Thập Tháp Di Đà Pagoda (in An Nhơn town, Bình Định province) was built, Buddhism in the region flourished. Therefore, at the end of the 17th century and the beginning of the 18th century, someone came to the stone cave in Hội Khánh hamlet and established a pagoda for religious practice, calling it Hang Pagoda. Initially, the pagoda was still primitive and simply arranged; it was not until the late 19th and early 20th centuries that the pagoda was renovated on a larger scale. According to Venerable Thích Nhuận Tín, he has only been the abbot for a few years, and all the history and stories related to the pagoda were recorded and handed over by Mr. Dước. Mr. Dước was previously a pre-revolutionary cadre and later the Party Secretary of Mỹ Hòa commune. The documents and stories recorded by Mr. Dước are still kept at the cultural office of Mỹ Hòa commune. Currently, there are two legends about Hang Pagoda. At that time, there were already several pagodas in the Phù Mỹ area, but none had resident abbots. Upon hearing that Mr. Phan Chọn from the district had become a monk at Trà Cang Pagoda (in Bình Thuận), the locals discussed inviting him back. The abbot of Trà Cang Pagoda agreed to let monk Trà Ban (i.e., Mr. Phan Chọn, some sources record as Trà Bang) return to be the abbot of Hang Pagoda, which was in 1896. In addition, upon his return, monk Trà Ban also established many other pagodas in the district and neighbouring areas. It is said that due to his spiritual attainment, monk Trà Ban could move as swiftly as the wind and clouds. He was also skilled in medicine and Buddhist scriptures, and he gathered information to provide to the resistance forces of Trần Cao Vân during the period when Trần Cao Vân used the Bình Định and Phú Yên mountains as bases against the French. In the book 'Nhân vật Bình Định' by Lộc Xuyên Đặng Quí Địch, in the section about Võ Trứ (a deputy general under Mai Xuân Thưởng in the Cần Vương movement in Bình Định, who later, together with Trần Cao Vân, initiated the Minh Trai movement in Phú Yên but was unsuccessful), there is mention of a strange event in Bình Định. In the year Giáp Ngọ (1894), Phù Cát district and many places in Bình Định were ravaged by epidemics, many villages were quarantined, and some villagers burned their villages and fled elsewhere. The dead could not be buried in time, and everywhere was shrouded in the atmosphere of death and disease. At this time, an old monk appeared, known as the monk of Hang Pagoda, and a few days later, Võ Trứ also arrived. The two distributed medicine to the people, which was a piece of yellow paper printed with five images of Bodhisattva Quan Âm, called 'Ngũ công Quan Âm'. At first, people were suspicious of this medicine and did not dare to use it, but later, thinking they had no other hope and seeing that it was free, they followed the monk's instructions, prayed to the saviour, burned the paper, mixed it with water, drank it, and recovered. News of the efficacy of the medicine distributed by the old monk and Võ Trứ spread quickly, causing the district magistrate of Phù Cát to fear that the monk of Hang Pagoda would gather people to rebel, so he forbade people from seeking the medicine and ordered a strict search for the monk. Being spiritually accomplished, the monk of Hang Pagoda had many disciples, and when the medicine distribution attracted the attention of the authorities, most of his disciples were implicated, many lost their fortunes, and some even lost their lives. 'As for the monk of Hang Pagoda, it is said that to avoid arrest, he had to hide in different houses from day to day. At that time, only Võ Trứ continued to secretly distribute medicine to the people, evading the authorities. Later, it is not known when or where the old monk died, but in gratitude, the people came to the cave to establish Hang Pagoda to worship and remember his life-saving deeds,' Mr. Dước recounted. According to Mr. Dước, regarding the time of Hang Pagoda's appearance, there is also another opinion that the pagoda was established during the Trần dynasty. The reason is that previously, someone illegally excavating in front of the pagoda discovered a statue of Amitābha Buddha, on which was inscribed 'Gift from Princess Huyền Trân' (it is unclear to whom it was given). The legendary path to the underworld Here, a brief introduction to Hang Pagoda: It is a deep stone cave halfway up the mountain, with the front of the pagoda facing east towards vast rice fields and coconut forests. To reach Hang Pagoda, one must follow a winding rocky slope; when a large rock is encountered, that is the 'roof' of the pagoda. To the left of the 'roof' are several stone benches, and to the right of these benches is a small path leading into the cave. To pass through this path, one must stoop down, at which point the chill of the stone cave can be felt. After a few more stone steps, one will see the altars to the Buddhas. Although Hang Pagoda is small, it is spacious enough for more than a dozen people to move around comfortably. At the age of 95, Mr. Dước is only slightly hard of hearing, but his mind is still sharp, and he remembers clearly the history and legends of Hang Pagoda. He recounted that previously, Hang Pagoda had two paths: one leading to heaven and one to the underworld. Above the altar in Hang Pagoda, slightly to the right, there is a 'ventilation hole'. This 'ventilation hole' is said to be the path to heaven, though no stories about this path have been heard. In reality, the 'ventilation hole' Mr. Dước refers to is the space above the altar. The Buddhas and worship objects are arranged on ascending steps like a staircase, with the highest step of the altar being very close to the path to heaven, according to Mr. Dước. Previously, below the 'roof' of Hang Pagoda (it is unclear which direction), there was a tunnel leading down, known as the path to the underworld. It is said that when alive, one abbot, Venerable Nguyên Lượng, tried to explore it, but the further he went, the deeper and more difficult it became, so he had to turn back. There is also a story of a person who, wanting to test the depth of the 'path to the underworld', carried two baskets of candles to light the way. When the candles were almost gone, the cave still seemed endless, so he had to return. Someone once dropped a grapefruit marked with a sign into the cave, and some time later, it was found at the mouth of Đề Gi estuary, more than 20 km from the pagoda. Since then, people have said that the cave connects to the sea. Through the wars, the path to the underworld has been buried. During the Cần Vương movement, Hang Pagoda was a hiding and operating place for several leaders such as Trần Cao Vân and Bùi Điền. During the resistance against the French, Hang Pagoda was the second base of Mỹ Hòa commune in particular and Phù Mỹ district in general. During the resistance against the Americans, Hang Pagoda was a base for revolutionary cadres and liberation soldiers. For this reason, on 29 January 1968, US and South Vietnamese forces dropped gas bombs, killing 24 civilians who were sheltering in the cave. Today, to meet the wishes of the local people as well as Buddhist monks, nuns, and followers, many auxiliary structures of the pagoda have been and are being built.
Chùa Minh Thành (Gia Lai)
Chùa Minh Thành (Gia Lai)
Minh Thành Pagoda is a pagoda located about 2 km from the centre of Pleiku city, at 348 Nguyễn Viết Xuân Street, Hội Phú Ward, Gia Lai Province. Minh Thành Pagoda is considered an attractive sightseeing spot in Pleiku - Gia Lai. The pagoda represents an intersection between the architectural culture of the Lý - Trần dynasties and the style of Japanese pagodas. The pagoda was built in 1964 under the abbotship of Most Venerable Thích Giác Đạo and has become a place of worship and incense offering for Buddhists in the area.
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Chùa Diêu Phong
Chùa Diêu Phong is a Buddhist pagoda in Gia Lai (formerly Bình Định province), Vietnam. Its location comes from OpenStreetMap community data; further details will be added when reliable sources become available.
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Chùa Gia Khánh
Chùa Gia Khánh is a Buddhist pagoda in Gia Lai (formerly Bình Định province), Vietnam. Its location comes from OpenStreetMap community data; further details will be added when reliable sources become available.
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Chùa Giác Hải (Nhơn Lý)
Chùa Giác Hải (Nhơn Lý) is a Buddhist pagoda in Gia Lai (formerly Bình Định province), Vietnam. Its location comes from OpenStreetMap community data; further details will be added when reliable sources become available.